Textile fibers muaj li ntawm synthesized polymers tsis pom nyob rau hauv cov xwm yog cov neeg tsim, hluavtaws polymer fibers: polyester, polyamide, acrylic, polypropylene, spandex, polyvinyl cawv, thiab lwm yam .. ntawm ntau hluavtaws fibers, tsuas yog cov feem ntau siv, namely polyester , polyamide thiab acrylic, yuav raug txiav txim siab ntawm no.
Polyester
Lo lus ester yog lub npe muab rau cov ntsev tsim los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cawv thiab kua qaub. Esters yog organic ntsev thiab polyester txhais tau tias ntau cov organic ntsev. Feem ntau cov polyester apparel filament los yog staple fiber feem ntau yog tsim los ntawm polyethylene terephthalate polymers. Polyester fiber tam sim no yog qhov loj tshaj plaws ntawm cov txiv neej ua fiber ntau nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm ntim ntawm ntau lawm.
Polyester filaments los yog staple fiber ntau tsis muaj qhov pom ntawm microscopic pom. Lub longitudinal tsos ntawm cov fiber ntau tsis tu ncua thiab featureless vim yog nyob ze ntawm lub voj voog hla ntu.
Cov polyester polymer yog linear. Cov txheej txheem polymer yog kwv yees li ntawm 65-85 feem pua crystalline. Polyester fiber ntau muaj zog tensile siab, tsis tshua muaj ya raws rov qab, siab pib modulus thiab zoo crease rov qab vim nws tsis tshua muaj crystalline polymer system. Muaj zog caustic soda ntawm qhov kub thiab txias tuaj yeem hydrolyze thiab degrade cov fiber ntau thiab concentrated sulfuric acid tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov fiber ntau.
Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm polyester fabrics yog cov tsos tsis muaj wrinkle thiab yooj yim ntawm kev saib xyuas. Cov ntaub no xav tau me ntsis lossis tsis muaj ironing; lawv yog ib qho yooj yim mus ntxhua thiab ceev kom qhuav.
Cov ntaub ntawm 100 feem pua polyester feem ntau yog ua los ntawm cov fibers. Cov ntaub no tau siv dav hauv cov khaub ncaws, khoom siv hauv tsev thiab ntau yam kev lag luam thiab kev lag luam. Kev sib xyaw ntawm polyester nrog wool, paj rwb, rayon lossis flax fibers yog nrov thiab pom nyob rau hauv ntau yam khoom siv kawg. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv sib xyaw, cov polyester fibers pab txhawb kom yooj yim txij nkawm, lub zog thiab kav ntev, puas ua hauj lwm, tsis muaj wrinkle tsos, thiab cov duab thiab loj tuav. Protein los yog cellulosic fibers hauv kev sib xyaw ua ke txhim kho dyeability, kev nplij siab, thiab absorbency, thiab txo cov nqi zoo li qub.
Polyamide
Thawj cov khoom siv hluavtaws yog polyamide uas tau ua lag luam hauv Tebchaws Meskas hauv xyoo 1939. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws polyamide fiber ntau ntawm cov nqi tsim tawm yog nylon 6,6; uas yog, polyhexamethylene adipamide. Lub cim 6,6 qhia tias muaj ob lub monomers, txhua tus muaj rau carbon atoms, uas yuav tsum tau tsim cov polymer ntawm hom nylon. Nylon 6 yog qhov thib ob tseem ceeb tshaj plaws polyamide fiber ntau. Nws yog extruded los ntawm polycaprolactam. Daim ntawv 6 qhia tias tsuas yog ib qho monomer uas muaj rau carbon atoms yuav tsum tau ua kom polymerize hom nylon.
Nylon filaments yog du thiab ci. Thaum saib hauv ntu ntu, nylon feem ntau zoo kawg nkaus puag ncig. Nws yog heev resistant rau alkalis thiab kuj tsawg resistant rau acid. Nylon yog ib qho muaj zog heev, ceev-kua fiber ntau nrog lub zog ntub dej thiab muaj elasticity zoo heev. Nylon muaj lub ntiajteb txawj nqus tsawg dua li lwm cov fibers. Cov khoom no ua rau lawv zoo heev rau kev ntim khoom, parachute fabrics, tsho, ris tsho hauv qab, ntaub pua plag thiab ntxiv dag zog rau cov roj hmab hauv cov log tsheb thiab cov hlua.
Acrylic fibers
Arcylic fibers yog polymers tsim los ntawm polymerization ntawm acrylonitrile uas yog ib homopolymer los yog ib tug copolymer uas ua los ntawm cov polymerization ntawm acrylonitrile ua ke nrog mus txog 15 feem pua ntawm cov sib txawv monomers xws li methyl methacrylate, vinyl acetate thiab lwm yam.. , dye affinity los yog lwm yam tseem ceeb ua cov yam ntxwv.
Cov acrylic fibers muaj ib tug heev txaus nyiam, sov thiab mos kov. Fabrics ua los ntawm nws nthuav tawm ib lub paj zoo li paj ntaub, tes thiab drape. Ib qho cuab yeej zoo ntawm acrylic fibers yog qhov sib piv tsis tshua muaj qhov ntom ntom uas muab ntau thiab kev pabcuam zoo. Cov fiber ntau tsuas muaj 1.5 feem pua cov dej noo rov qab thiab yog li raug hluav taws xob zoo li qub. Nws tsis muaj qhov tseeb melting point, yog li nws yog ua lag luam los ntawm ob qho tib si ntub thiab qhuav ua.
Acrylic fiber muaj qhov tsis zoo rau cov kua qaub muaj zog, alkalis thiab rau ob peb polar organic solvents. Nws tiv taus tshav ntuj yog qhov zoo. Nws yog resistant rau mildew thiab huab cua. Cov ntaub tuaj yeem nkag tau yooj yim nias, pleated, los yog creased nrog qib siab ntawm kev ruaj khov rau hnav thiab ntxuav. Acrylic fibers muaj ntau daim ntawv thov nyob rau hauv knitwear, ntaub pua plag thiab pawg ntaub.
Lycra
Du Pont tau nthuav tawm cov fiber ntau tshiab hauv xyoo 1958. Qhov tshiab fiber ntau no yog cov txiv neej tsim, hluavtaws polymer raws li, segmented polyurethane filament. Lub npe Lycra tau muab rau cov fiber ntau thaum xyoo 1959, thiab cov phiaj xwm tau tshaj tawm rau ntim ntau lawm. Niaj hnub no tsuas yog cov neeg tsim khoom ntawm spandex fibers hauv Tebchaws Meskas yog Du Pont thiab Globe Manufacturing. Lub npe Lycra tseem siv rau Du Pont fiber ntau; Glospan yog lub npe ntawm Globe fiber.
Spandex yog lub teeb yuag, hluavtaws fiber ntau uas yog siv los ua cov khaub ncaws stretchable xws li khaub ncaws ncaws pob. Nws yog tsim los ntawm ib tug ntev saw polymer hu ua polyurethane, uas yog tsim los ntawm reacting polyester nrog ib tug diisocyanate. Lub polymer yog hloov mus rau hauv fiber ntau siv cov txheej txheem qhuav spinning. Ua ntej tsim nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 1950s, spandex tau pib tsim los hloov roj hmab. Txawm hais tias kev ua lag luam rau spandex tseem me me piv rau lwm cov fibers xws li paj rwb lossis nylon, cov ntawv thov tshiab rau spandex tau tshawb pom tas li.
Qhov tshwj xeeb elastic khoom ntawm spandex fibers yog qhov tshwm sim ncaj qha ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg. Cov fibers yog tsim los ntawm ntau yam polymer strands. Cov strands no yog tsim los ntawm ob hom ntu: ntev, amorphous ntu thiab luv, ntu ntu. Hauv lawv lub xeev ntuj, cov ntu amorphous muaj cov qauv random molecular. Lawv intermingle thiab ua rau cov fibers mos. Qee qhov nruj ntawm cov polymers sib cog lus thiab muab cov qauv fiber ntau. Thaum lub zog siv los ncab cov fibers, cov ntawv cog lus ntawm cov ntu ntu ntu yog tawg, thiab cov ntu amorphous ncaj tawm. Qhov no ua rau cov ntu amorphous ntev, yog li ua kom qhov ntev ntawm cov fiber ntau. Thaum cov fiber ntau stretched mus rau nws qhov siab tshaj plaws ntev, cov ntu nruj dua txuas nrog ib leeg. Cov ntu amorphous tseem nyob hauv lub xeev elongated. Qhov no ua rau cov fiber ntau zog thiab muaj zog. Tom qab lub zog raug tshem tawm, cov ntu amorphous recoil thiab cov fibers rov qab mus rau nws lub xeev so. Los ntawm kev siv cov khoom elastic ntawm spandex fibers, cov kws tshawb fawb tuaj yeem tsim cov ntaub uas muaj qhov tsim nyog ncab thiab muaj zog cov yam ntxwv.
Qhov tseem ceeb siv rau spandex fibers yog nyob rau hauv ntaub. Lawv muaj txiaj ntsig rau ntau qhov laj thawj. Ua ntej, lawv tuaj yeem ncav cuag ntau zaus, thiab yuav luag rov qab mus rau qhov qub thiab zoo li qub. Qhov thib ob, lawv yog lub teeb yuag, mos, thiab du. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv tau yooj yim dyed. Lawv kuj muaj peev xwm tiv taus vim lawv tiv taus kev puas tsuaj thiab kev puas tsuaj ntawm lub cev roj, hws, thiab detergents. Lawv sib xws nrog lwm cov ntaub ntawv, thiab tuaj yeem spun nrog lwm hom o fibers los tsim cov ntaub tshwj xeeb, uas muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm ob lub fibers.
